Defining Biological and Clinical Plausibility: The DICSA Framework for Protocolized Assessment in Survival Extrapolations Across Therapeutic Areas

Bart Heeg (), Dawn Lee, Jane Adam, Maarten Postma and Mario Ouwens
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Bart Heeg: Cytel
Dawn Lee: University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters
Jane Adam: St George’S Hospital
Maarten Postma: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
Mario Ouwens: Real World Science and Analytics, Astrazeneca Global

PharmacoEconomics, 2025, vol. 43, issue 7, No 8, 793-803

Abstract: Abstract Background Numerous health technology assessment guidance documents emphasize the importance of biological/clinical plausibility of modeled lifetime incremental survival without clearly defining it. Objectives This paper defines biologically and clinically plausible lifetime survival extrapolations and proposes a framework to systematically assess this by comparing survival expectations estimated premodeling, with the final modeled survival extrapolations. This framework is embedded in a survival extrapolation protocol template, which ensures that both the expectations and extrapolations are based on unified, comprehensive evidence. Methods A targeted review was conducted of 29 guidance documents from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Haute Autorité de Santé, Canada’s Drug Agency, and European joint clinical assessment, focusing on survival analysis, evidence synthesis, cost-effectiveness modeling methods, and use of observational data. Results Survival extrapolations are biologically/clinically plausible when “predicted survival estimates that fall within the range considered plausible a-priori, obtained using a-priori justified methodology.” These a priori expectations should utilize the totality of evidence available and take into account local target setting (i.e., survival-influencing aspects such as patient population, treatment pathway, and country). Pre-protocolized biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolation was operationalized in a five-step DICSA approach: (1) Describe the target setting as defined by all relevant treatment and disease aspects that influence survival; (2) collect Information from relevant sources; (3) Compare survival-influencing aspects across information sources; (4) Set pre-protocolized survival expectations and plausible ranges; and (5) Assess how trial-based extrapolations align with the set expectations by comparing modeled survival extrapolations to the range of values a priori considered to be plausible. Conclusion The definition of plausibility of survival extrapolations, the operationalization of its assessment, and the corresponding extrapolation protocol template can contribute to the transparent development of biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolations.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s40273-025-01485-0

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