Out-of-Pocket Household Expenditures on Medical Injections in Cambodia

Sachiko Ozawa (), Tatenda T. Yemeke, Alie F. Tawah, Vivek Kulkarni and Manuela Villar Uribe
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Sachiko Ozawa: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Tatenda T. Yemeke: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Alie F. Tawah: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Vivek Kulkarni: California Institute of Technology
Manuela Villar Uribe: World Bank Group

PharmacoEconomics - Open, 2018, vol. 2, issue 4, No 8, 415-421

Abstract: Abstract Background Cambodia has one of the highest rates of overall medical injection usage worldwide. Therapeutic injections, which are often unnecessary, contribute to the spread of blood-borne diseases. Objective This study describes injection practices and associated household expenditures in rural northwest Cambodia. Methods We assessed care-seeking patterns of surveyed adult family members who sought healthcare in the previous 30 days, including location of care, medical injection use, and out-of-pocket household expenditures for treatment. A regression model was used to explore the impact of injection use on out-of-pocket household expenditures. Results Among 480 households sampled, 298 included members who had been sick within the previous 30 days; a total of 342 episodes of care had been sought. Private providers accounted for over 66% (n = 226) of all episodes of care, with public and informal providers accounting for 20% (n = 69) and 14% (n = 47), respectively. Injections were administered in over 120 (35%) episodes of care, with 81% of injections administered by private providers. Patients who received injections incurred total out-of-pocket household expenditures that were, on average, 126,590 Cambodian Riel (KHR) (US$31.65) higher than those who did not receive injections (p

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1007/s41669-018-0067-2

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