The Association between COVID-19 Status and Economic Costs in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a UK Symptom Surveillance Digital Survey

Sung Wook Kim (), Caterina Alacevich (), Catia Nicodemo (), Raphael Wittenberg (), Simon Lusignan () and Stavros Petrou ()
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Sung Wook Kim: University of Oxford
Caterina Alacevich: University of Florida
Catia Nicodemo: University of Oxford
Raphael Wittenberg: University of Oxford
Simon Lusignan: University of Oxford
Stavros Petrou: University of Oxford

PharmacoEconomics - Open, 2025, vol. 9, issue 2, No 5, 245 pages

Abstract: Abstract Introduction In the absence of a vaccination programme, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had substantial impacts on population health and wellbeing and health care services. We explored the association between COVID-19 status, sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors and economic costs during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data The study used patient-reported digital survey and symptom surveillance data collected between July and December 2020, in collaboration with a primary care computerised medical record system supplier, EMIS Health, in the UK. The study included 11,534 participants. Methods Generalised linear models (GLM) and two-part regression models were used to estimate factors associated with economic costs (£sterling, 2022 prices) estimated from two perspectives: (i) a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective and (ii) a societal perspective. Results Experience of the onset of COVID-19 symptoms started more than 3 months ago was associated with significantly higher NHS and PSS costs (GLM: £319.8, two-part: £171.7) (p

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s41669-024-00544-0

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