A rating system to evaluate non-GAAP exclusion quality

Patricia M. Dechow (), Wei Ting Loh () and Annika Yu Wang ()
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Patricia M. Dechow: University of Southern California
Wei Ting Loh: Singapore Management University
Annika Yu Wang: University of Houston

Review of Accounting Studies, 2025, vol. 30, issue 2, No 1, 1037-1098

Abstract: Abstract We develop a rating system to evaluate the quality of individual non-GAAP exclusions. Our perspective is that high-quality exclusions reflect nonrecurring economic transactions, are transitory accounting adjustments, or have little usefulness in forecasting cash flows. We use four approaches to rate exclusions. We evaluate the serial correlation of the exclusion, survey accounting academics’ views, obtain practitioner ratings from the CFA Institute, and identify the exclusions approved by the Chinese securities regulator. A firm’s exclusion quality score is the weighted average rating of its individual exclusions. For our sample of S&P 500 firms, we document that exclusion quality varies by industry, captures trends in non-GAAP reporting, and is reasonably stable at the firm level. To validate the rating, we show that firms with lower exclusion quality scores receive more SEC comment letters, incur more Regulation G violations, exhibit greater analyst forecast dispersion, and have slower price discovery following earnings announcements.

Keywords: Non-GAAP Reporting; Non-GAAP Exclusion Quality; Recurring Expenses; Regulation G; SEC Comment Letters; Analyst Forecast Dispersion (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: G12 M41 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11142-024-09855-3

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