An empirical analysis of education’s role in employment and economic returns: insights from Jammu and Kashmir

Mohd. Akram (), Iqra Choudhary (), Ashfana () and Aas Mohammad ()
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Mohd. Akram: Jamia Millia Islamia
Iqra Choudhary: Jamia Millia Islamia
Ashfana: University of Jammu
Aas Mohammad: Jamia Millia Islamia

SN Business & Economics, 2025, vol. 5, issue 9, 1-33

Abstract: Abstract This study investigates the relationship between education, employment, and economic returns in Jammu and Kashmir, using data from the 7th round of the NSSO’s Annual Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFs) for 2023–2024. The probit model and Mincer equation methods were employed to assess the role of level of education attainment as a deciding factor for economic returns and employment status. Heckman’s two stage process has been followed to address the sample selection bias. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between higher education levels and the likelihood of securing regular salaried employment, particularly in urban areas, whereas self-employment is more prevalent in rural settings. Disparities persist across social groups, with Scheduled Tribes (ST) facing lower educational returns and employment opportunities. Further, returns to an additional level of education are heterogeneous across broad employment types. The findings of the study offer policy insights to reduce education employment mismatch and to utilise skilled labour force effectively.

Keywords: Employment; Returns to education; Earnings; Jammu and Kashmir (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s43546-025-00894-9

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