The Prevalence and Intensity of Time Poverty in Urban Areas of Iran

Fatemeh Torabi (), Kazem Saravani (), Fatemeh Sadat Khodaparast () and Hossein Kheradmand-Saadi ()
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Fatemeh Torabi: University of Tehran
Kazem Saravani: University of Tehran
Fatemeh Sadat Khodaparast: University of Tehran
Hossein Kheradmand-Saadi: University of Tehran

Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 2025, vol. 177, issue 1, No 12, 293-312

Abstract: Abstract Despite the multidimensional nature of poverty, its temporal dimension remains understudied in Iran. This paper uses data from the Time Use Survey (2019–2020) representing urban areas of Iran to examine the prevalence and intensity of time poverty among adult men and women. The results indicate that 16.4% of adults aged 15–64 years are time-poor, with men more likely than women to experience time poverty. Gender emerges as a significant determinant, with women considerably more likely to be time-poor than men with similar characteristics. Women’s lower participation in paid work is a major gender disparity, and its elimination could significantly increase the time pressure on women. Unlike time poverty itself, few variables predict its intensity, suggesting general homogeneity regardless of the characteristics examined. Employment increases both the likelihood and intensity of time poverty for women. This finding has significant implications for Iran, where despite nearing the end of the demographic window of economic opportunity, female labor market participation remains low.

Keywords: Time poverty; Time use; Gender disparities; Employment; Iran (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11205-025-03517-w

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