Equal Opportunity and Luck: Empirical Exploration Using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Yukiko Asada (), Nathan K. Smith (), Michel Grignon (), Jeremiah Hurley () and Susan Kirkland ()
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Yukiko Asada: National Institutes of Health
Nathan K. Smith: National Institutes of Health
Michel Grignon: McMaster University
Jeremiah Hurley: McMaster University
Susan Kirkland: Dalhousie University

Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 2025, vol. 178, issue 1, No 4, 63-90

Abstract: Abstract Equality of opportunity (EOp) is a broad category of egalitarian theories that has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Empirical implementations of EOp primarily focus on the explained component of inequality, classifying determinants of the outcome (e.g., health) into effort—legitimate causes of inequality—and circumstance—illegitimate causes of inequality. Largely overlooked is unexplained variation, which in statistical analysis manifests as residuals and is often ignored as a statistical annoyance. The true random component of residuals is now often referred to as luck. In this paper, we propose the playing field framework that serves as a pragmatic test as to whether residuals signal unfairness in empirical EOp analyses and that enables empirical explorations of roles of luck within the EOp framework. Using a large sample of Canadian older adults, our empirical application of the playing field framework shows that distributions of residuals are not always fair, though there is no consistent pattern of unfairness across age-sex groups. The paper’s three main conclusions are: luck matters; luck should be explicitly incorporated in the EOp framework through the brute luck-effort characterization; and residuals are not just an innocuous statistical annoyance but can represent unfair inequality, and ignoring them can underestimate unfair inequality.

Keywords: Equality of opportunity; Circumstance; Effort; Luck; Inequality (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11205-024-03497-3

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