QoS-Aware and Energy-Optimized Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks in Water Resource Management

Sabeen Arain (), Intesab Hussain Sadhayo () and Sarang Karim ()
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Sabeen Arain: Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology
Intesab Hussain Sadhayo: Quaid-E-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology
Sarang Karim: Quaid-E-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology

Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), 2025, vol. 39, issue 10, No 17, 5078 pages

Abstract: Abstract The development of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has advanced water resource management, yet challenges persist due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of underwater environments. Efficient data transfer with stable link quality and minimal energy consumption is essential for real-time monitoring. To address these challenges, this study proposes the QoS-aware and Energy-Optimized Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol (QE-ORP), which selects partner nodes based on depth, residual energy, and link state to enhance data transmission. On its own, QE-ORP exploits routing decisions using both cooperative relay nodes and a weighting allocation approach. NS3 simulations show that proposed protocol performs quite better than the existing, achieving 99% packet delivery ratio (PDR), 30–40% longer network lifetime (NLT), 60–70% lower energy consumption (EC), and the shortest end-to-end (E2E) delay—6s at 100 nodes and 2.5s at 600 nodes. These results confirm QE-ORP’s effectiveness in overcoming UWSNs design challenges.

Keywords: UWSNs (Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks); ORP (Opportunistic Routing Protocol); QoS (Quality of Service); Energy-optimized (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11269-025-04188-5

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