Emergency Response to Urban Flooding: An Assessment of Mitigation Performance and Cost-Effectiveness in Sponge City Construction

Zhiwen Zheng (), Xianqi Zhang (), Wenbao Qiao () and Ruichao Zhao ()
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Zhiwen Zheng: Water Conservancy College, North china University of Water Resources and Electric Power
Xianqi Zhang: Water Conservancy College, North china University of Water Resources and Electric Power
Wenbao Qiao: Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd
Ruichao Zhao: Kunming Engineering Corporation limited

Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), 2025, vol. 39, issue 5, No 3, 1993-2007

Abstract: Abstract Extreme rainfall events have triggered urban flooding, posing substantial threats to urban sustainability and public safety. The effectiveness of sponge city initiatives in mitigating urban flooding has garnered considerable attention. This study developed a one-dimensional and two-dimensional urban flood model using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Personal Computer (PC) SWMM to simulate and analyze urban flooding under various rainfall recurrence intervals. The effectiveness of three Low Impact Development (LID) combinations for sponge city implementation was evaluated, and the associated construction costs were calculated. The results indicated that the LID combinations significantly reduced surface runoff and pipe overflow, with the runoff coefficient decreasing to as low as 19.01%. However, the improvement under extreme storm conditions was limited. Considering both urban flood mitigation and life cycle costs, a combination of permeable paving, green roofs, and rain gardens was identified as the most effective LID measure. This study aims to provide technical guidance for urban flood management and planning practices.

Keywords: Urban Flooding; Storm Water Management Model (SWMM); Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM); Sponge city; Low Impact Development (LID) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11269-025-04139-0

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