A decompositional analysis of social group inequality in India

Shruti Sengupta and Mehtabul Azam

Applied Economics, 2025, vol. 57, issue 38, 5875-5889

Abstract: Using the national representative Indian household surveys collected by the National Sample Survey Organization, we examine the welfare gaps across social groups for the entire distribution in 1983, 1993–94, 2004–05 and 2011–12. We use spatially adjusted per capita consumption expenditure as the measure of welfare and show that there exists significant welfare gap between Scheduled Tribes/Scheduled Castes (ST/SC) and General Category (GC) households at higher quantiles of the distribution, but the magnitude of the gap has declined over the years for the SC households. Using unconditional quantile regression decomposition, we find that the coefficient effect (unexplained effect) dominates the endowment effect (explained effect) in explaining the gap in all four years. Further decomposition shows that the difference in educational distribution between the SC/ST and GC households drives most of the explained differences between the social groups.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2024.2371532

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