Structural challenges in adapting to modern warfare: lessons from the Ukrainian War and the Czech defence industry

Oldřich Krpec and Zdeněk Kříž

Defense & Security Analysis, 2025, vol. 41, issue 1, 1-28

Abstract: This paper examines the structural challenges faced by the Czech defence industry in adapting to modern warfare, using lessons from the Ukrainian War (2022–2024). It explores how legacy structures from the Soviet era continue to influence defence procurement, strategy, and military modernisation efforts in post-socialist Central European states. The research underscores the limited adaptability of the Czech defence sector, constrained by entrenched industrial practices and a preference for traditional land systems, despite the demonstrated need for technological innovation in other areas. Using a comprehensive analysis of defence policies, procurement contracts, and interviews with key stakeholders, the paper highlights the barriers to rapid modernisation and integration of advanced military technologies. It concludes that whilst the Czech defense industry remains heavily path-dependent, a strategic realignment focused on technological innovation and greater integration with NATO initiatives is essential for enhancing the country's military capabilities in response to contemporary security threats.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/14751798.2025.2449771

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