Aid and Extraversion: Medical Governance in SWAPO Exile Camps, 1974–1989

Liam James Kingsley

Journal of Southern African Studies, 2025, vol. 51, issue 1, 75-92

Abstract: Beginning in 1974, the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) of Namibia set up camps in exile in the neighbouring states of Zambia and Angola. While they trained and organised soldiers to fight the apartheid administration, most of their work consisted of tending to refugees, experimenting with different kinds of administration to meet their medical, educational and daily needs. This article uses oral history interviews to study the dimensions of healthcare at these sites. Like many other aspects of camp life, healthcare relied on external aid. SWAPO leadership engaged in a form of extraversion, deliberately constructing relationships of dependence with outside groups to secure the health of refugees, fight and survive the independence war, and convince displaced Namibians and the international order of its authority and fitness to rule.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2025.2521938

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