People’s experience of urban transformation: eye-tracking architectural qualities of the post-industrial NDSM wharf in Amsterdam

Gideon Spanjar, Frank Suurenbroek, Sába Schramkó and Regiena Stolp

Planning Practice & Research, 2025, vol. 40, issue 3, 507-529

Abstract: Urban densification continues unabated, even as the possible consequences for users’ eye-level experiences remain unknown. This study addresses these consequences. In a laboratory setting, images of the NDSM wharf were shown to university students primed for one of three user groups: residents, visitors and passers-by. Their visual experiences were recorded using eye-tracking and analyzed in combination with surveys on self-reported appreciation and restorativeness. On-site surveys were also administered among real users. The results reveal distinct eye-movement patterns that point to the influence of environmental roles and tasks and how architectural qualities steer people’s visual experience, valence and restoration.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2024.2404751

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