Inference and extrapolation in finite populations with special attention to clustering

Richard Startz and Douglas Steigerwald

Econometric Reviews, 2023, vol. 42, issue 4, 343-357

Abstract: Statistical inference in economics is commonly based on formulas assuming infinite populations. We present appropriate formulas for use when sampling from finite populations, with special attention given to issues of treatment effects and to issues of clustering. Issues of whether to apply finite population corrections are often subtle, and appropriate corrections may depend on difficult to observe parameters, leaving the investigator only with bounds on relevant estimator variances.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1080/07474938.2023.2178137

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