Measuring the Potential for Hateful Behaviours: Development and Validation of the Hate Behaviours Scale (HBS)

Matteo Vergani, Thierno Diallo and Kerry O’Brien

Terrorism and Political Violence, 2025, vol. 37, issue 2, 205-222

Abstract: This article introduces and reports the psychometric properties of the Hate Behaviours Scale (HBS), which assesses individual intentions to engage in a range of violent and non-violent hateful behaviours against various target groups. Three independent U.S. adult samples (total n = 3524) were used to gather data on the scale and associated covariates and constructs. The twelve-item HBS is comprised of three subscales; Discrimination, Defensive Violence and Belligerent Violence. The higher scores on the HBS were significantly associated with past behaviours such as attending a protest against the target group (β = 0.57, p

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2023.2283565

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