Does Non-Farm Income Raise Farm Productivity? New Evidence from India

Anviksha Drall and Sabuj Kumar Mandal

Journal of Development Studies, 2025, vol. 61, issue 9, 1526-1547

Abstract: On the face of various agro-climatic shocks, farmers often resort to non-farm activities as a coping mechanism for attaining sustainable livelihood. While the impact of non-farm income on farm productivity is well documented in the literature, we contribute to the literature by exploring the possibility of a non-linear impact of non-farm income on farm productivity - differential impact across different types of farmers (small, medium and large) based on their landholding size. We first develop a small theoretical model and establish various channels which could result in non-linearity. For empirical estimation, we use household-level information from eight Indian states based on Village Dynamics in South Asia panel dataset for a period of five years (2010–2014). We adopt an Instrumental Variable Tobit Model to correct for endogeneity of non-farm income arising from unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity between non-farm income and farm productivity. Our empirical results unveil a U-shaped relationship between non-farm income and farm productivity. This confirms our hypothesis about non-linear impact of non-farm income on farm productivity. Our heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of non-farm earnings on farm productivity varies with size of landholdings. Policy implications of our empirical results are also discussed.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2025.2467661

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