Multidimensional Poverty: A New Perspective on Measurement

Nanak Kakwani and Hyun H. Son

Journal of Development Studies, 2026, vol. 62, issue 3, 445-459

Abstract: Amartya Sen’s work on functionings and capabilities has transformed the understanding of poverty as a multidimensional issue, emphasizing capability deprivation. This paper distinguishes between poverty and capability deprivation, arguing that poverty results from insufficient access to resources, whether through markets or public provisions. We highlight that many existing multidimensional poverty indices, including those of the UNDP and Alkire and Foster, focus predominantly on capability deprivation and incorrectly assume that all individuals who experience it are poor. We argue that a comprehensive definition of poverty requires considering both capability and access to resources. Our proposed framework for measuring multidimensional poverty addresses these shortcomings and discusses its policy implications.

Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2025.2530471

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