Cultural Metaphors as Frames of Reference for Nations: A Six-Country Study

Martin J. Gannon, Edwin A. Locke, Amit Gupta, Pino Audia and Amy L. Kristof-Brown

International Studies of Management & Organization, 2005, vol. 35, issue 4, 37-47

Abstract: A cultural metaphor is a major phenomenon, institution, or activity in a nation with which most citizens identify cognitively or emotionally and through which it is possible to describe the national culture and its frame of reference in depth, for example, the Japanese garden (Gannon 2004). Cultural metaphors for six nations are analyzed two nations at a time. Three questionnaires based on the cultural metaphors for two nations at a time were developed so that each of the three pairs of two nations could be analyzed and compared separately. These questionnaire items were derived from the descriptions provided by Gannon (2004). Respondents were 664 college students, in accordance with Smith and Schwartz’ 1997 argument that teachers and students represent the best populations for analyzing cultural values. Results strongly support the concept of the cultural metaphor as a frame of reference.

Date: 2005
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DOI: 10.1080/00208825.2005.11043744

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