From "Onion" to "Ocean": Paradox and Change in National Cultures

Tony Fang

International Studies of Management & Organization, 2005, vol. 35, issue 4, 71-90

Abstract: Differing from the dominant bipolar paradigm of analyzing national cultures, this paper champions a dialectical approach that sees each national culture as having a life of its own full of dynamics and paradoxes. The paper calls for shifting our mindset from the Cold War “onion” way of analyzing culture to a new “ocean” way of understanding culture to capture the dynamics of national cultures and international cross-cultural management in the age of globalization.

Date: 2005
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DOI: 10.1080/00208825.2005.11043743

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