New realities of conflict: the novel roles of non-state actors within the cyber sphere

Helene Pleil

Journal of Cyber Policy, 2025, vol. 10, issue 1, 51-67

Abstract: This paper examines the evolving roles of non-state actors in cyberspace during contemporary conflicts, with a focus on the Russia-Ukraine war. It analyses how digital technologies have transformed warfare, introducing new actors and reshaping traditional roles. The paper explores five key areas: the private sector’s critical role in owning and managing digital infrastructure; social media platforms as battlegrounds for information warfare; the rise of open-source intelligence (OSINT); state-sponsored hackers blurring lines between governmental and criminal activities; and the emergence of hacktivist groups. The analysis highlights how these developments blur traditional boundaries between civilian and military spheres, peace and war, challenging established legal and diplomatic frameworks. The paper argues that the involvement of non-state actors in cyberspace presents both opportunities and challenges for international security and diplomacy.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/23738871.2025.2503731

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