A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Sherry R. Arnstein

Journal of the American Planning Association, 2019, vol. 85, issue 1, 24-34

Abstract: The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.

Date: 2019
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DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388

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