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A Critical Examination of Land Value Capture Tools to Generate Affordable Housing in Toronto

Julie Mah

Planning Theory & Practice, 2025, vol. 26, issue 3, 325-343

Abstract: Although land value capture (LVC) mechanisms are often advanced as a method to achieve more equitable development, critical scholars argue that LVC tools (e.g., density bonusing) actually serve to (re)produce inequality. Based on a mixed methods approach, I evaluate the effectiveness of using a density bonusing approach (1988–2018) to generate affordable housing in Toronto. In so doing, this paper critically examines whether LVC tools helped advance equitable outcomes. While the approach generated a relatively few affordable units, it was more successful at securing funding for affordable housing. In the end, density bonusing facilitated the large-scale production of market-rate condominium units.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2025.2515827

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