Increasing system transparency through confidence information in cooperative, automated driving

Jakob Peintner, Carina Manger and Andreas Riener

Behaviour and Information Technology, 2025, vol. 44, issue 11, 2724-2741

Abstract: As an alternative to the conventional control allocation, as described by the SAE, cooperative driving concepts have emerged in recent research. These concepts aim towards making the human driver and automated vehicle work together in a team. For effective collaboration, it is critical that the driver be able to predict the actions of the automation. In a simulator study, we investigated the effects of communicating the automation's decision and level of confidence to the human driver in order to increase predictability in a cooperative driving scenario. We found that participants tended to take longer to make a choice when a decision and level of confidence were displayed. Additionally, displaying the automation's decision significantly increased the participants' decision time and improved the correctness of their decisions. In addition, all tested HMIs received positive evaluations for trust in automation and usability, with the Baseline HMI receiving significantly higher scores.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2024.2407018

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