Understanding the human factors challenge of handover between levels of automation for uncrewed air systems: a systematic literature review

Ben Grindley, Katie J. Parnell, Tom Cherett, Jim Scanlan and Katherine L. Plant

Transportation Planning and Technology, 2025, vol. 48, issue 6, 1383-1408

Abstract: Using uncrewed air systems (UASs) as part of the logistics chain is anticipated to reduce overall operating costs and speed up delivery. One particular challenge faced by UAS operators is in handover between high levels of autonomous control and piloted control. This review presents the findings from the published literature based on the human factors of handover between levels of automation within different domains. A total of 188 full publications were reviewed of which 52 publications were included. The literature outlines several challenges in transition of handover in publications focussing on UASs, crewed flight, healthcare, maritime, robotics and air traffic control. Interventions included interface design, training strategies, the design of the automation itself to support the operator and organisational design opportunities. There is currently only a small literature base, understanding the application of human factors interventions and their benefits to this unique application needs to be better understood to support effective operational safety.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/03081060.2024.2375645

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