Public perception of autonomous delivery robots inside cities: a case-study conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden

Valeska Engesser, Fredrick Ekman and Philippe Lebeau

Transportation Planning and Technology, 2026, vol. 49, issue 5, 839-856

Abstract: The integration of robots into daily life is becoming increasingly common, with Autonomous Delivery Robots (ADR) gaining prominence as an eco-friendly delivery option. Understanding how individuals perceive ADR when encountered unintentionally is crucial, especially given the important role the public has concerning sharing public space which form the research objective of this study. Study outcome becomes relevant during planning and integration of ADR, facilitating seamless operation. Employing a mixed-method approach, including questionnaires and interviews, the analysis identified four themes related to pre-conception, attitude, robot design and behaviour, and traffic system integration. Study results highlight the perceived usefulness and generally accepting attitude toward the idea of ADR. While the majority of the public perceives sharing space with ADR positive, special attention is needed concerning the area of operation and considering the factors speed and size. Different perceptions of the ADR behaviour could be noted with the ADR adapting to participants being considered a necessity.

Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1080/03081060.2025.2485380

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