What Happens to Workers at Firms that Automate?

James Bessen, Maarten Goos, Anna Salomons and Wiljan van den Berge
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James Bessen: Boston University
Maarten Goos: Utrecht University and Tilburg University
Anna Salomons: Utrecht University and Tilburg University

The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2025, vol. 107, issue 1, 125-141

Abstract: We estimate the impact of firm-level automation on individual worker outcomes by combining Dutch microdata with a direct measure of automation expenditures covering all private nonfinancial sector firms. Using a novel difference-in-differences event-study design leveraging lumpy investment, we find that automation increases the probability of incumbent workers separating from their employers. Workers experience a five-year cumulative wage income loss of 9% of one year’s earnings, driven by decreases in days worked. These adverse impacts of automation are larger in smaller firms, and for older and middle-educated workers. By contrast, no such losses are found for firms’ investments in computers.

Date: 2025
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