Does Globalization, Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment, and Natural Resources Influencing Ecological Footprint?
Tanzeela Yaqoob,
Maria Babi () and
Rimsha Khalid ()
Additional contact information
Tanzeela Yaqoob: Department of Statistics, University of Karachi, University Road 75270, Pakistan
Maria Babi: Department of Statistics, University of Karachi, University Road 75270, Pakistan
Rimsha Khalid: Department of Statistics, University of Karachi, University Road 75270, Pakistan
Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES), 2022, vol. 10, issue 03, 1-28
Abstract:
The environmental problem has become a worldwide issue that must be frequently examined. Thus, this study investigates the relation of tourism, natural resources, globalization, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint of the USA, the UK, Pakistan, China, and India by using annual data from 1995 to 2020. The study applied Zivot and Andrews (1992) test to demonstrate the stationarity properties of the series, and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was employed to estimate the long-run and short-run dynamics. The long-run findings disclose that tourism has a significantly positive effect on China and Pakistan, but a significantly negative impact on India. The outcomes further suggest that foreign direct investment increases environmental degradation in India and China in both long and short periods, but contributes to improving the UK’s ecosystem. Besides, globalization in China tends to save its environment. Natural resources in the long run also harm the ecosystems of Pakistan, China, and the USA. The error correction term is negatively significant for all countries. The reliability of the model is investigated through diagnostic tests. The selected model is stable as the critical value of CUSUM and CUSUMSQ lie within the 5% significance level.
Keywords: Ecological footprint; tourism; globalization; environmental degradation; natural resources (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)
Downloads: (external link)
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2345748122500178
Access to full text is restricted to subscribers
Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.
Export reference: BibTeX
RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan)
HTML/Text
Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wsi:cjuesx:v:10:y:2022:i:03:n:s2345748122500178
Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from
DOI: 10.1142/S2345748122500178
Access Statistics for this article
Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES) is currently edited by PAN Jiahua
More articles in Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES) from World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Tai Tone Lim ().