Methodological framework to define and measure “digital†financial inclusion

N. P. Abdul Azeez, Mohammad Imdadul Haque (), S. M. Jawed Akhtar () and M. Nasira Banu ()
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N. P. Abdul Azeez: Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
Mohammad Imdadul Haque: Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
S. M. Jawed Akhtar: Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
M. Nasira Banu: Department of Economics, EMEA College of Arts and Science, Affiliated to Calicut University, Kondotty, Karipur 673638, Kerala

International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), 2025, vol. 12, issue 02, 1-23

Abstract: International organizations and researchers have built diverse systems to define and measure financial inclusion. It emphasizes access to, usage, and understanding of traditional financial products and services, which primarily rely on physical access to banks. However, many are under-banked and have no access to these financial services. The recent technological advancements are transforming the economy, followed by the widespread use of digital devices. These technological innovations have led to the development of digital financial services and emerged as a key factor in financial inclusion. Therefore, the current financial research has shifted its focus to combining inclusive finance with digital inclusion to define digital financial inclusion. This paper reviews methodological frameworks used to define and measure financial inclusion, digital inclusion and digital financial inclusion. It also proposes a methodological framework for measuring digital financial inclusion in light of existing literature and the context of transforming the economy through digitalization.

Keywords: Digital financial inclusion; digital financial infrastructure; digital financial services; digital aptitude; accessibility; affordability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1142/S2424786324500166

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