The Equity Imperative: Revisiting COP Frameworks Through a Justice Lens

Mandeep Mahendru, Jaya Singh Parihar (), Aarushi Jain () and Gagan Deep Sharma
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Mandeep Mahendru: Centre of International Programmes, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary†Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Jaya Singh Parihar: ��Centre for Excellence in Disaster Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
Aarushi Jain: �University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
Gagan Deep Sharma: Centre of International Programmes, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary§University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India

Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management (JEAPM), 2025, vol. 27, issue 04, 1-20

Abstract: This study examines the commitments made in the Conference of the Parties (COP) summits, COP 3 (Kyoto), COP 15 (Copenhagen), COP 21 (Paris), and COP 28 (Dubai). It critically investigates global climate initiatives concerning sustainability and environmental justice. While these summits have played a pivotal role in shaping international climate diplomacy, persistent gaps remain between pledges and their implementation — particularly in mobilising adequate financial and technical support for developing countries. Drawing on Political Ecology Theory and Environmental Justice Theory, the study examines how structural asymmetries and historical inequalities may continue to shape global climate governance. We highlight how, in some instances, well-intentioned environmental leadership may risk overlooking equity and inclusion, particularly when developing nations are expected to meet ambitious climate standards without proportionate support. At the same time, the paper acknowledges critical progress made through COP processes — such as the Paris Agreement’s recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDRs) and the establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund at COP 27 and COP 28. Policy recommendations include the institutionalisation of independent climate finance audits and the integration of justice-centred accountability frameworks into global climate policy. By situating contemporary climate negotiations within a historical and justice-based framework, the paper calls for more inclusive, transparent, and accountable COP mechanisms. This includes amplifying the voices and needs of those most vulnerable to climate change, particularly in the Global South.

Keywords: Climate change; greenwashed colonialism; COP; climate action; affluent countries; poor countries; equity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1142/S1464333225500127

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