Ethnic Diversity and Monitoring Effectiveness of the Board: Evidence from Banks

Mohamed Janahi, Yuval Millo () and Georgios Voulgaris
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Mohamed Janahi: College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Sikheer, Bahrain
Yuval Millo: Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Georgios Voulgaris: Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK4School of Accounting and Finance, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland

The International Journal of Accounting (TIJA), 2025, vol. 60, issue 03, 1-48

Abstract: SynopsisThe research problemWe investigate the effect of ethnic diversity on the reporting quality of U.S. banks.MotivationAlthough the representation of ethnic minorities in the U.S. boards has increased recently, only a few studies investigated its effect on the board’s monitoring effectiveness.The test hypothesesAn ethnically diverse board has a higher monitoring performance in the form of timelier loan loss provision (LLP) recognition.Target populationThe U.S. commercial banking sector covers the period 1996–2017.Adopted methodologyOur main analysis used a fixed effect estimator. We address endogeneity concerns by using bank-fixed effects, CEO-fixed effects, and employing propensity-score-matched and entropy-balanced samples in additional tests. We use LLP, the main accrual in banks, as our measure for financial reporting quality. Our main independent variables are the ethnic diversity of the board and the ethnic diversity of the audit committee. Our ethnic diversity of the board variable is the percentage of independent non-Caucasian directors on the board.AnalysesFirst, we regress LLP on our ethnic diversity variable, controlling for various board characteristics, CEO attributes, and the quality of banks’ information environment. We also extend our analyses to examine the effect of ethnic diversity of the audit committee on LLP timeliness. Finally, using accounting- and market-based measures of risk, we investigate whether bank risk moderates the association between ethnic diversity and LLP timeliness.FindingsOur findings indicate that ethnically diverse boards provide more effective monitoring, reflected by higher earnings quality in the form of timelier LLP reporting. We also find that diverse boards are only associated with timelier LLP reporting in high-risk banks, indicating that ethnically diverse boards become more risk averse during periods of financial distress. In light of the recent increased levels of ethnic diversity in U.S. banks and the opaque financial reporting environment, our study provides evidence that ethnically diverse boards are better monitors than more homogenous ones.

Keywords: Ethnic diversity; bank accounting; loan loss provision; board diversity; monitoring (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: G29 G30 M14 M41 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1142/S1094406025500052

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