CBDC and bank money creation

Sunjoo Hwang

KDI Journal of Economic Policy, 2026, vol. 48, issue 2, 37-62

Abstract: This paper examines the impact of a retail type of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) on bank lending. While concerns exist that CBDC could reduce bank lending by diverting deposits from commercial banks to the central bank, this paper argues that the relationship between CBDC and bank lending is more complex because real-life banks do not lend out of deposits but instead create deposits by making loans. By examining a model of "fountain pen money" creation, the paper shows that a bank's lending capacity is influenced by both cash deposits and an augmentation factor. While CBDC reduces the capacity for lending as some deposits shift to the central bank, the magnitude of this reduction depends on the size of the augmentation factor and may not lead to a significant decrease in bank lending. In economies where banks lend close to their deposit base, such as in South Korea, the reduction in lending due to CBDC is likely to be marginal. Furthermore, this paper explores the social welfare implications of the contractionary effect of CBDC, showing that if the money creation constraint is weakly binding, CBDC can improve social welfare by mitigating excessive lending. Conversely, if the money creation constraint is strongly binding, CBDC may reduce social welfare by exacerbating credit shortages.

Keywords: CBDC; Bank Lending; Money Creation; Social Welfare (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: E58 G21 O40 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:zbw:kdijep:341452

DOI: 10.23895/KDIJEP.2026.48.2.37

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