Research – the 3Rs and non-animal alternatives

Andrea Uhlig and Megan Amos

Chapter 97 in Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Animal Law, 2025, pp 371-373 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: In 1959, Drs William Russell and Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This book is credited with creating the 3Rs, which are well-known as guidelines for the utilization of animals in research. The 3Rs are replacement, refinement, and reduction. Scientists have applied the 3Rs to their work for the past 60 years. Replacement encourages the development and use of alternatives to animals because its goal is to use fewer animals in experiments and replace them with non-animal alternatives. New Approach Methodologies [NAMs] are methods that do not use animals; they can be used in a variety of research and experiments. Guidance from the 3Rs and the use of NAMs helped inspire publications such as The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Keywords: 3Rs; Reduction; Replacement; Refinement; NAMs; New Approach Methodologies; Non-animal alternatives (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
ISBN: 9781803923666
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.elgaronline.com/doi/10.4337/9781803923673.00104 (application/pdf)
Our link check indicates that this URL is bad, the error code is: 403 Forbidden

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:elg:eechap:21587_97

Ordering information: This item can be ordered from
http://www.e-elgar.com

Access Statistics for this chapter

More chapters in Chapters from Edward Elgar Publishing
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Jack Sweeney ().