Forced labour

Arij Chabrawi

Chapter 79 in Elgar Encyclopedia of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, 2026, pp 295-297 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: Forced or compulsory labour is defined as all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the person has not offered himself/herself voluntarily. Two main and intrinsic elements comprise the definition of forced labour: the involuntary nature of work, and the work exacted under menace of penalty. The first one comprises the consent and the forms of acquiescence, the possibility to revoke a freely given consent, indirect coercion, and external constraints that lead to involuntary work. The second element may take different expression forms such as restraint of basic human needs, physical violence, sexual violence, death threats targeting the workers or their relatives. Forced labour and its respective elements are conformed into three types of manifestation: human trafficking, debt bondage or bonded labour, and slavery or slavery-like practices.

Keywords: Forced Labour; Human Trafficking; Debt Bondage; Bonded Labour; Slavery; Slavery-like Practices (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781035309887
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