Could agricultural extension services help farmers adapt to climate change? Evidence from smallholder farmers in Kenya, Mozambique, and Nigeria

Agha Ali Akram, Esteban J. Quiñones, Abbie Turiansky and Robert Mendelsohn

Chapter 20 in Handbook on Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation, and Adaptation in Agriculture, 2026, pp 474-489 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: In this chapter we examine access to agricultural extension services for smallholder farmers across Kenya, Mozambique, and Nigeria. Using a novel methodological combination of matched comparison design and Ricardian climate analysis, we compared outcomes between villages, with and without the program, across varying climate conditions. We found the extension service had no significant effect on annual farmer net revenues. However, it did help farmers seize the opportunity of a secondary season when the season was wet enough. Our study makes two key contributions. First, it is important to conduct careful analysis of large-scale programs designed to help farmers in developing countries. The extension service program failed to increase annual net revenue. Second, it is important to test whether interventions are effective climate adaptations. The analysis reveals that the extension service had no effect on the temperature sensitivity of farmers, but it did help farmers seize the opportunity of a wet secondary season.

Keywords: Climate Change Adaptation; Agriculture; Extension; Sub-saharan Africa; Small-scale Farmers (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781035344963
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