“LLMs like us?” AI's understanding of emotions and its implications for regulatory frameworks

Radosław Malik and Marcin Kozak

Chapter 4 in Multidisciplinary Movements in AI and Generative AI, 2025, pp 49-63 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: This chapter explores the risks of deploying large language models (LLMs) in the public sector, focusing on their responses to emotional stimuli and the resulting consequences. Through a semi-systematic literature review, 15 studies were analyzed to address three key research questions: the current state of research on emotional prompts in LLMs; the risks related to responses based on emotional prompts; and regulatory recommendations for the public sector. The study indicates that the core issue is LLMs’ ability to interpret and respond to emotional cues, rather than resource misuse. The findings highlight the significant risks of LLMs’ emotional sensitivity, emphasizing the need for comprehensive risk assessments and a strong regulatory framework. The chapter concludes with public policy recommendations aimed at safeguarding core public service values such as fairness and objectivity while promoting the responsible integration of AI technologies. Future research is recommended to deepen the understanding of AI's sensitivity to emotional stimuli, which is especially critical for the development of sector-specific regulatory frameworks in education and justice.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; AI; Large Language Models; LLM; Emotions; Emotional intelligence; Prompts (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
ISBN: 9781035358656
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