The Technology Gap in the Developing World and the G20: An Empirical Profile

Haroon Bhorat, Caitlin Allen Whitehead and David de Villiers

from Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)

Abstract: The Fourth Industrial Revolution refers to the rapid technological advancement launched, in many ways, by the microelectronics revolution and the information and communication technology (ICT) advances that ensued in the 1970s (Baldwin, 2019). These new technologies have significantly impacted on the sectors and workplaces of domestic economies around the world. The pace of change is likely to accelerate with the introduction of frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), big data, blockchain, 5G, 3D printing, robotics, drones, gene editing, nanotechnology, and solar photovoltaic. These 11 technologies alone are estimated to represent a US$350 billion market which could grow to US$3.2 trillion by 2025 (UNCTAD, 2021). We introduce the notion of a ‘technology gap’ at the country and regional level and measure its evolution since 2000, with a distinct focus on the features of both technology adoption and technology production – which may be differentially driving overall country and regional trends in this gap. Additionally, we measure the accumulation of tertiary education focused on STEM subjects – and how this shapes the technology gap in the developing world.

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