Indonesia Country Report

Surhayati

Chapter 7 in Energy Outlook and Energy Saving Potential in East Asia 2023, pp 179 - 200 from Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)

Abstract: Indonesia covers an area of 1,913,000 square kilometres, with a population that increased by an average of 1.4% per year—from 178.6 million in 1990 to 270.6 million people in 2019 (World Development Indicators, 2021). Gross domestic product (GDP) was $1,204.5 billion (constant 2010 United States [US] dollars) in 2019, an average increase of 4.3% per year from 1990. The service sector is a major contributor to GDP (44.7%), followed by industry (38.5%), agriculture (12.8%), and other activities (4.1%). In 2019, GDP per capita was about $3,877 (constant 2010 US$), whilst in 1990 it was only $1,488 (constant 2010 US$). Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources. Its vast oil and gas reserves made it a significant player in the international oil and gas industry. Reserves, however, continue to deplete as the scale of oil and gas exploration is small and the success rate of exploration is low. The oil and gas investment climate has not been conducive and the use of enhanced oil recovery technology to boost oil production is not yet optimal. As of January 2019, proven reserves of crude oil were 2.48 billion barrels, whilst those of natural gas were 49.7 trillion cubic feet (Center for Data and Information Technology-Pusdatin, 2019). Indonesia exports coal and had about 36.3 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves by the end of 2019. Non-fossil energy resources include hydro, geothermal, biomass, and other renewable sources such as solar and wind. Estimated hydro potential is about 95 gigawatts (GW), whilst estimated geothermal potential is 23.9 GW. In total, renewable energy potential is about 3,643 GW for power plants, of which only 0.3% or 11.6 GW have been utilised. The use of new and renewable energy (NRE) for power plants is low due to high production cost, which makes competing with coal power plants difficult. The lack of renewable energy power plant components and the difficulty of obtaining low-interest financing have also slowed renewable energy development.

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