Non-cash Income, Living Standards and Inequality: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study

Peter Saunders, Timothy M. Smeeding, John Coder, Stephen Jenkins, Johan Fritzell, Aldi J. M. Hagenaars, Richard Hauser and Michael Wolfson
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Peter Saunders: University of New South Wales
Timothy M. Smeeding: Syracuse University Luxembourg Income Study
John Coder: Bureau of the Census
Johan Fritzell: University of Stockholm
Aldi J. M. Hagenaars: Erasmus University
Richard Hauser: University of Frankfurt
Michael Wolfson: Statistics Canada

Chapter 11 in Economics in a Changing World, 1993, pp 198-217 from Palgrave Macmillan

Abstract: Abstract The economic well-being of households is determined by their resources relative to their measurable economic needs. Economic resources include both cash and non-cash income. While after-tax cash income is the most widely employed measure of household economic well-being, it may exclude considerable amounts of resources received in a non-cash form. These include health care, education, housing, food and other subsidies from governments; production for own consumption by farmers, peasants and other individuals living mainly in rural areas and small towns; and in-kind transfers received from relatives, friends and others in the form of food, clothing and/or shelter. Moreover the distribution of these non-cash resources may vary systematically by population subgroup, thus affecting measures of relative economic well-being within and between households. They may also differ systematically by country. They almost certainly differ by regime, for example in the post-communist reforming socialist economies (RSEs) as compared with Western European and other Western nations.2

Date: 1993
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DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22988-8_11

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