Artificial Intelligence Adoption in PortuguesePortuguese Metalworking SMEsSMEs: Drivers, Barriers, and Strategic Implications

R. Meneses (), A. Ferreira () and R. Correia ()
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R. Meneses: Porto University
A. Ferreira: Porto University
R. Correia: UNIAG, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança

Chapter 11 in The Expanding Horizons of Business and Management, Volume II, 2026, pp 261-282 from Palgrave Macmillan

Abstract: Abstract This study investigates the determinants of Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption among Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the metalworking sector through a qualitative analysis based on the Hybrid Technology Acceptance Model–Technology, Organization, Environment (TAM-TOE). Semi-structured interviews with 13 SMEs reveal that AI adoption remains limited, hindered by technological complexity, low AI literacy, high investment costs, and insufficient leadership engagement. Findings highlight visionary leadership, organizational competence, financial capacity, and external partnerships with AI experts as critical enablers of adoption. Despite recognizing AI’s potential to enhance efficiency and competitiveness, many firms lack the knowledge and resources to implement it effectively. The study expands the TAM-TOE framework by identifying leadership as a catalytic, not merely moderating, factor and emphasizing strategic partnerships as essential for bridging knowledge gaps. The results provide practical and theoretical insights into advancing AI-driven transformation within Industry 4.0 contexts.

Keywords: AI adoption; AI’s benefits; Artificial Intelligence (AI); competitive advantage; complexity; cultural and organizational challenges in AI adoption; digital literacy's; hybrid TAM-TOE model; Industry 4.0; leadership; leadership-driven incentives; metalworking sector; Organizational Competence; Portugal; vision (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pal:pscchp:978-3-032-26500-5_11

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-26500-5_11

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