A Preliminary Assessment of The B40 Economic Well-Being Measurement Instrument: Validity, Reliability, and Normality Tests

Zaleha Muda, Zuriani Ibhrim (), Suhaila Abdul Aziz and Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar
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Zaleha Muda: Universiti Poly-Tech Malaysia
Zuriani Ibhrim: Universiti Poly-Tech Malaysia
Suhaila Abdul Aziz: Kolej Poly-Tech MARA
Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar: Universiti Teknologi MARA, Alor Gajah Branch

A chapter in Proceedings of the International Conference on Cross- Disciplinary Academic Research 2025 - Track 2 Advances in Business & Economics, Social Science, Communications & Media (ICAR-T2 2025), 2026, pp 29-40 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract This research introduces and tests a concise measurement tool designed to assess the economic well‑being of B40 households in the post‑COVID‑19 environment. The instrument encompasses three core constructs: Financial Well-Being (FWB), Daily Spending Pattern (DSP), and Basic Government Effectiveness (BGE). Expert evaluation confirmed content validity, while pilot data from 42 respondents demonstrated strong internal reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha values obtained were 0.94 (FWB), 0.78 (DSP), and 0.83 (BGE), indicating satisfactory to excellent consistency. Normality diagnostics using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests produced p-values below 0.05, supported by non‑Gaussian trends observed in Q‑Q plots and boxplots. Consequently, subsequent analyses employed non-parametric techniques. Overall, the pilot results verify the tool’s suitability for broader empirical use and its potential contribution to evidence-based policies addressing the economic conditions of low-income households.

Keywords: Economic Welfare; B40; Validity; Reliability; Normality; Non-Parametric Statistics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.2991/978-94-6239-715-6_4

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