Analysing Common and Special Cause Variation: Implications for Process Quality Management

Aleksy Kwilinski () and Maciej Kardas
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Aleksy Kwilinski: The London Academy of Science and Business
Maciej Kardas: WSB University

A chapter in Entrepreneurship and Human-Centric Business Strategies for Social and Economic Resilience, 2026, pp 2021-2035 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract Process variability is an inherent characteristic of all operational systems, regardless of their complexity. Effective quality management requires a precise understanding of the sources of variation, distinguishing between common cause and special cause variations. While common cause variation is predictable and falls within the system’s statistical limits, special cause variation arises from external factors and disrupts process stability. Despite the extensive literature on quality management, there remains a research gap regarding the misclassification of process variability and its consequences for process control. Misinterpreting variation types and attempting to reduce common cause variation incorrectly may lead to process tampering, resulting in increased variability rather than its reduction. This study aims to verify the hypothesis that the improper identification of variation types leads to misguided corrective actions, exacerbating process fluctuations and reducing quality stability. The methodology employs statistical analysis using Minitab software, examining dynamic viscosity data from solvent paint production. A case study approach highlights the practical implications of variability misinterpretation in industrial settings. The findings reveal that misclassification of variation types significantly disrupts process stability, generating additional noise and reducing overall quality. This study underscores the importance of precise statistical analysis and training in process variability interpretation to avoid counterproductive quality interventions. From a managerial perspective, understanding and distinguishing between variation sources is crucial for effective decision-making in process quality management. Future research should explore the application of advanced machine learning models in identifying variation types and minimizing the risks associated with erroneous process interventions, further enhancing process stability and quality outcomes.

Keywords: Common cause variation; Special cause variation; Statistical analysis; Quality management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:spr:prbchp:978-981-95-6415-6_126

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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-95-6415-6_126

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