Reflections

Iwan J. Azis ()
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Iwan J. Azis: Cornell University, Dyson School of Applied Economics

Chapter Chapter 7 in Monetary Whispers Across Space, 2026, pp 125-130 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract Any process of development involves centripetal and centrifugal forces. In the physics of circular motion, centripetal forces keep an object moving in a circle and are always pointing toward the center of that circle. It is like the gravitational force of the Sun that keeps Earth orbiting it. In the economics of development, centripetal forces cause activities to concentrate in certain regions or locations (agglomeration phenomena), driven by the external economies. The opposite force, the centrifugal force, is fictitious. It is a phantom force but nevertheless feels very real, i.e., experiencing an outward force when we rotate the object in a circle. In spatial economics, this force refers to the dispersion of activities across regions. It is neither fictitious nor improbable.

Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-95-4625-1_7

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