Top-Down Management vs. Bottom-Up Innovation

Xinwei Cao (xwcao@jiangnan.edu.cn)
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Xinwei Cao: Jiangnan University

Chapter Chapter 4 in Modern Business Management, 2025, pp 33-42 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract This chapter delves into two management approaches: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Objectives and Key Results (OKRs). KPIs are often tied to strategic objectives and are used in stable industries, while OKRs encourage innovation and flexibility in fast-paced environments. The chapter highlights the differences in application and the scenarios where each method is more effective, particularly in innovative industries.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-0594-1_4

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