Bivariate Association

Thomas Cleff ()
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Thomas Cleff: Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences

Chapter Chapter 4 in Applied Statistics and Multivariate Data Analysis for Business and Economics, 2025, pp 79-145 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract This chapter explores bivariate analysis, focusing on the association and correlation between two variables. It introduces different methods for measuring associations based on different combinations of scales, including nominal, ordinal, and metric variables. Important techniques are covered include contingency tables, chi-squared tests, Pearson’s correlation, Spearman’s rho, Kendall’s tau, and Cramer’s V. The chapter also addresses potential problems such as spurious correlations. Practical examples show how to apply these methods using statistical software such as SPSS, Stata, R and Excel.

Keywords: Contingency tables; Chi-squared tests; Pearson’s correlation; Spearman’s rho; Kendall’s tau; Cramer’s V; Partial correlation; Spurious correlation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-78070-7_4

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