Banking Stability: The Impact of Financial Sector Heterogeneity on Systemic Risk in Financial Crises and Economic Recessions

Carlos León, Zihao Liu and Luc Renneboog

Chapter 6 in Banking Resilience and Global Financial Stability, 2024, pp 151-190 from World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

Abstract: Financial institutions’ heterogeneity, a high degree of dissimilarity across multiple dimensions, including business focuses, correlated asset holdings, capital structures, and funding sources, reduces systemic risk. We empirically test this hypothesis using a bank holding company (BHC) level heterogeneity index based on granular balance sheet, income statements, cash flow statements, and off-balance-sheet information for U.S. bank holding companies over a sample period spanning the second quarter of 2000 to the fourth quarter of 2021. We find that the BHC-level heterogeneity negatively correlates with BHC-level systemic risk, SRISK, measured both at the global and local levels. We also construct a sector-heterogeneity index and demonstrate that a reduction of heterogeneity occurred in the U.S. financial sector prior to both the Great Recession (2007–2009) and the COVID-19 Recession, especially for the largest BHCs. As such, a declining level of financial sector heterogeneity may exacerbate the consequences of systemic shocks.

Keywords: Bank capital; Capital Buffers; Financial Stability; Macroprudential Regulation; Systemic Risks; Accounting Standards; Bank Stability; Financial Reporting; Local GAAP; IAS/IFRS; Lending Risk; Bank Capitalization; Bank Risk-Taking; Credit Risk; Asian Banks; Stability; Financial Development; Banking System; Growth; Regression; Human Resources; Trade: Population; Emerging Economies; Human Capital; Financial Stability; Intellectual Capital Efficiency; Human Capital Efficiency; Structural Capital Efficiency; Relational Capital Efficiency; Resources Based Theory; System Generalize Method of Moments; Competitive Environment; Islamic Banks; Asian Countries; Banking; Regulatory Capital; Bank Performance; Basel Accord; Profitability; Risk; Minimal Capital Requirements; Political Instability; Bank Supervision; 2SLS; Financial Institutions; Bank Holding Companies; Great Recession: FDIC; Financial Markets; Financial Crises; Economic Recessions; Heterogeneity; Systemic Risk; Dodd Frank; Foreign Exchange; Systemic Risk; Turkish Banking Sector; Volatility; Foreign Loans; Domestic Loans; Total Assets; Total Credits; Total Deposits; Interest Rates; Financial Crisis; Risk Management; Competency Development; Banks; Integrated; Resilience; Uncertainty; Pandemic; Risk; Actionable; Financial Stability; Systemic Risk; Crisis Management; Bank Recovery and Resolution; Capital Requirements; Climate Physical Risk; Climate Transition Risk; Digital Finance; Safety Net; Twin Transition; Market Illiquidity; Monetary Policy; Bank Lending Channel; Banks; Shocks; Loan Supply; OECD Countries; Financial Crisis; Interest Rates; Transmission Mechanism; European Monetary Union; European Central Bank; ECB Governing Council; Expansionary Monetary Policy; Trilemma; TARGET2-Balance; Inflation; Transmission Protection Instrument (TPI); ECB Anti-Fragmentation Instrument; Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program (PEPP); Credit-to-GDP Gap; Out-of-Sample Forecasts; Augmented Credit Gap; Countercyclical Capital Buffer; Credit Gap; Decision-making Process; Basel Gap; Forecasting Gaps; One-Sided Gap Series; Two-Sided Gap Series; Altman; Z-Score; Economic Distress; Kazakhstan; Banks; Emerging Market; Multiple Discriminant Analysis; Financial Health; Prediction Accuracy; Wilks' Approach; Direct Approach; Microfinance; Microfinance Institutions; Global Financial Crisis; Covid-19; Social Outreach; Financial Sustainability; Operational Self-Sufficiency; NGOs; Capital Structure; Legal Status; Liquidity Hoarding; Economic Policy Uncertainty; Qatari Banks; Islamic Banks; Endogeneity; Instrumental Variable Approach; Economic Blockade; Asset-Side Liquidity Hoarding; Liability-Side Liquidity Hoarding; Gulf Cooperation Council (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: G2 G21 G24 G28 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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