The voice as a neurophysiological marker: applications in implicit emotion perception for Neurocash ® and cash design

Lucía Canalejo Guijosa, Fernando León Martínez and José María Sánchez Echave
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Lucía Canalejo Guijosa: Banco de España
Fernando León Martínez: Banco de España
José María Sánchez Echave: Banco de España

No 2618, Occasional Papers from Banco de España

Abstract: Situated within the Neurocash ® framework for measuring implicit emotional and cognitive responses, this review examines the human voice as a non-invasive psychophysiological marker. It outlines the physiological mechanisms of voice production and explains how emotional states influence breathing, vocal-fold vibration and articulation, shaping acoustic features such as pitch and intensity. The review then examines Speech Emotion Recognition as the main approach for extracting emotional information from speech, describing the methodological pipeline from emotional speech databases and preprocessing to classification using traditional machine-learning algorithms and modern deep-learning and self-supervised models. The analysis concludes that no single computational approach is universally optimal, as performance depends on language, emotional categories, data quality and environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides an interdisciplinary framework linking psychophysiology, vocal acoustics and artificial intelligence to support Neurocash ® studies on cognitive workload, perceived security and implicit trust in cash design.

Keywords: acoustic feature extraction; affective computing; implicit emotion perception; multimodal emotion analysis; psychophysiology; self-supervised representation learning; Speech Emotion Recognition; Neurocash ®; cash design (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C55 C80 D91 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 41 pages
Date: 2026-09
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bde:opaper:2618e

DOI: 10.53479/44665

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