Parenthood and the Career Ladder: Evidence from Academia

Sofie Cairo, Ria Ivandić, Anne Sophie Lassen and Valentina Tartari

No 92, Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers from Berlin School of Economics

Abstract: Persistent gender gaps in the labor market are largely driven by the underrepresentation of women at the top of most professions. We study how parenthood shapes gender gaps in academic careers using population-wide administrative and survey data linked to productivity and promotion records. Parenthood marks a sharp divergence in academic careers: one in three women exit academia following motherhood. Men also experience a decline in academic employment after fatherhood, but the effects are substantially smaller. For mothers, childbirth leads to a persistent decline in both tenure attainment and research output, while men’s trajectories on these margins are unaffected by parenthood. The child penalty on tenure is driven primarily by women’s higher exit rates from academia. Gender differences in career aspirations do not explain these findings; instead, childcare and mobility constraints play a central role. Child penalties are exacerbated in highly competitive environments and environments without senior female role models.

JEL-codes: A11 D63 J13 J16 J44 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 56 pages
Date: 2026-02-18
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0092

DOI: 10.48462/opus4-6164

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