Honey, I Shrunk the Sample Covariance Matrix

Olivier Ledoit and Michael Wolf

No 92, Working Papers from Barcelona School of Economics

Abstract: The central message of this paper is that nobody should be using the sample covariance matrix for the purpose of portfolio optimization. It contains estimation error of the kind most likely to perturb a mean-variance optimizer. In its place, we suggest using the matrix obtained from the sample covariance matrix through a transformation called shrinkage. This tends to pull the most extreme coefficients towards more central values, thereby systematically reducing estimation error where it matters most. Statistically, the challenge is to know the optimal shrinkage intensity, and we give the formula for that. Without changing any other step in the portfolio optimization process, we show on actual stock market data that shrinkage reduces tracking error relative to a benchmark index, and substantially increases the realized information ratio of the active portfolio manager.

Keywords: Covariance matrix; markowitz optimization; shrinkage; tracking error (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C13 C51 C61 G11 G15 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2003-11
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (13)

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Working Paper: Honey, I shrunk the sample covariance matrix (2003)
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