Bruegel Policy Brief

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2025: The governance and funding of European rearmament

Guntram B. Wolff, Armin Steinbach and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2025: Making the best of the new EU Social Climate Fund

Eva Jüngling, Giovanni Sgaravatti, Simone Tagliapietra and Georg Zachmann

2025: The demographic divide- inequalities in ageing across the European Union

David Pinkus and Nina Ruer

2025: How DeepSeek has changed artificial intelligence and what it means for Europe

Bertin Martens

2025: Reinforcing EU merger control against the risks of acquisitions by big tech

Mario Mariniello

2025: Ukraine- European democracy’s affordable arsenal

Jacob Funk Kirkegaard

2025: Will China’s economy follow the same path as Japan’s?

Alicia García-Herrero and Jianwei Xu

2025: Europeans still want climate action, but don't trust governments to deliver

Jan Eichhorn and Heather Grabbe

2025: Europe’s energy information problem

Ben McWilliams, Simone Tagliapietra and Georg Zachmann

2025: The European Union’s new fiscal framework- a good start, but challenges loom

Nicolas Boivin and Zsolt Darvas

2025: How to improve the European Union’s sustainable finance framework

Silvia Merler

2025: Upgrading Europe's electricity grid is about more than just money

Conall Heussaff and Georg Zachmann

2025: Not yet Trump-proof- an evaluation of the European Commission’s emerging policy platform

Heather Grabbe and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2025: Prepare now- Europe must get ready for the coming long-term care surge

Svend E. Hougaard Jensen, David Pinkus and Nina Ruer

2025: Using data as a production factor- policy ideas for a new EU data strategy

Bertin Martens

2024: Finance for nature- how to improve funding for the protection of biodiversity

Heather Grabbe and Luca Léry Moffat

2024: It’s time for the European Union to rethink personal social networking

Fiona M. Scott Morton

2024: How the European Union should respond to Trump’s tariffs

Ignacio García Bercero, Petros C. Mavroidis and Andre Sapir

2024: Decarbonising for competitiveness- four ways to reduce European energy prices

Conall Heussaff

2024: An investment strategy to keep the European Green Deal on track

Jean Pisani-Ferry and Simone Tagliapietra

2024: A trade policy framework for the European Union-United Kingdom reset

Ignacio Garcia Bercero

2024: A European defence industrial strategy in a hostile world

Juan Mejino-López and Guntram B. Wolff

2024: Extra time for deforestation- lessons for future EU environmental legislation

Heather Grabbe and Luca Léry Moffat

2024: Updating the EU strategy on China- co-existence while derisking through partnerships

Alicia García-Herrero and Abigaël Vasselier

2024: What can central banks do to take the Paris Agreement seriously?

Dirk Schoenmaker and Hesse McKechnie

2024: Catch-up with the US or prosper below the tech frontier? An EU artificial intelligence strategy

Bertin Martens

2024: An uphill struggle- a long-term perspective on the European public goods debate

Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol

2024: Europe’s 2040 climate target- four critical risks and how to manage them

Conall Heussaff, Johannes Emmerling, Gunnar Luderer, Robert Pietzcker, Severin Reissl, Renato Rodrigues and Rupert Way

2024: How demographic change will hit debt sustainability in European Union countries

Zsolt Darvas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: Financing European air defence through European Union debt

Armin Steinbach and Guntram B. Wolff

2024: A European circular single market for economic security and competitiveness

Heather Grabbe and Luca Léry Moffat

2024: The three pillars of effective European Union competition policy

Fiona M. Scott Morton

2024: Joint public procurement as a tool for European Union industrial policy

Francesco Nicoli and Roel Beetsma

2024: The changing dynamics of the Western Balkans on the road to European Union membership- an update

Marek Dabrowski and Luca Léry Moffat

2024: Why artificial intelligence is creating fundamental challenges for competition policy

Bertin Martens

2024: Adapt to a harsher world- Memo to the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy

Alicia García-Herrero, Heather Grabbe and Jean Pisani-Ferry

2024: The changing dynamics of European electricity markets and the supply-demand mismatch risk

Conall Heussaff and Georg Zachmann

2024: Overcome divisions and confront threats- Memo to the Presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament

Maria Demertzis, Andre Sapir and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: How to finance the European Union’s building decarbonisation plan

Ugnė Keliauskaitė, Ben McWilliams, Giovanni Sgaravatti and Simone Tagliapietra

2024: Re-energising Europe’s global green reach

Giovanni Sgaravatti, Simone Tagliapietra and Cecilia Trasi

2024: The implications of the European Union’s new fiscal rules

Zsolt Darvas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: The economic case for climate finance at scale

Patrick Bolton, Alissa M. Kleinnijenhuis and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: Three risks that must be addressed for new European Union fiscal rules to succeed

Lucio Pench

2024: How to de-risk- European economic security in a world of interdependence

Jean Pisani-Ferry, Beatrice Weder di Mauro and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: Broader border taxes- a new option for European Union budget resources

Pascal Saint-Amans

2024: Ukraine’s path to European Union membership and its long-term implications

Zsolt Darvas, Marek Dabrowski, Heather Grabbe, Luca Léry Moffat, Andre Sapir and Georg Zachmann

2024: The state of financial knowledge in the European Union

Maria Demertzis, Luca Léry Moffat, Annamaria Lusardi and Juan Mejino Lopez

2024: Unity in power, power in unity- why the EU needs more integrated electricity markets

Georg Zachmann, Carlos Batlle, Francois Beaude, Christoph Maurer, Monika Morawiecka and Fabien Roques

2024: Smarter European Union industrial policy for solar panels

Ben McWilliams, Simone Tagliapietra and Cecilia Trasi

2024: Europe’s under-the-radar industrial policy- intervention in electricity pricing

Ben McWilliams, Giovanni Sgaravatti, Simone Tagliapietra and Georg Zachmann