Bruegel Working Papers

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2025: The European single market- restarting the perpetual revolution

Roel Dom and Niclas Poitiers

2025: European companies operating in China- from digging in to rethinking their presence

Alicia García-Herrero, Théo Storella and Jianwei Xu

2025: European export finance needs a reboot

Conor McCaffrey and Niclas Poitiers

2025: How can Europe’s nuclear deterrence trilemma be resolved?

Andrea Gilli and Francesco Nicoli

2025: Implementing the EU Nature Restoration Law- exploring pathways for member states

Heather Grabbe, Bas Heerma van Voss, Camille Mehlbaum and Sjoerd van der Zwaag

2025: Intra-Western Balkans dynamics- stocktaking and ways ahead

Armin Steinbach, Nina Vujanović and Anna Fiore

2025: India-China rapprochement- what are the long-term prospects?

Nayanima Basu and Alicia García-Herrero

2025: Which companies are ahead in frontier innovation on critical technologies? Comparing China, the European Union and the United States

Alicia García-Herrero, Michal Krystyanczuk and Robin Schindowski

2025: Radical novelties in critical technologies and spillovers- how do China, the US and the EU fare?

Alicia García-Herrero, Michal Krystyanczuk and Robin Schindowski

2025: Sovereigns on thinning ice- debt sustainability, climate impacts and adaptation

Matteo Calcaterra, Andrea Consiglio, Vincenzo Martorana, Massimo Tavoni and Stavros Zenios

2025: Lessons for the European Central Bank from the 2021-2023 inflationary episode

Pablo Hernández de Cos

2025: The quickly fading memory of why and when bank capital is important

Jesper Berg, Nicolas Boivin and Hans Geeroms

2025: Dilemmas for the EU in deficit-financing of defence expenditure and maintenance of fiscal discipline

Lucio Pench

2025: Gender diversity and economic growth

Jonathan Ostry

2025: Are bad governments a threat to sovereign defaults? The effects of political risk on debt sustainability

Samantha Ajovalasit, Andrea Consiglio, Giovanni Pagliardi and Stavros Zenios

2024: Long-term care policies in practice- a European perspective

Svend E. Hougaard Jensen, David Pinkus and Nina Ruer

2024: Designing conditionality in the supply of European public goods

Roel Beetsma and Marco Buti

2024: China’s influence at the United Nations- words and deeds

Alicia García-Herrero, Théo Storella and Pauline Weil

2024: The tension between exploding AI investment costs and slow productivity growth

Bertin Martens

2024: The European Central Bank’s operational framework and what it is missing

Giulia Gotti and Francesco Papadia

2024: Productivity spillovers from FDI- A firm-level cross-country analysis

JaeBin Ahn, Shekhar Aiyar and Andrea Presbitero

2024: How much does Europe pay for clean air?

Miquel Oliu-Barton and Juan Mejino Lopez

2024: Unpacking China’s industrial policy and its implications for Europe

Alicia García-Herrero and Robin Schindowski

2024: A conceptual framework for the identification and governance of European public goods

Grégory Claeys and Armin Steinbach

2024: Navigating the treacherous political economy of structural reform

Davide Furceri, Jonathan Ostry, Chris Papageorgiou and Dennis P. Quinn

2024: Instruments of economic security

Conor McCaffrey and Niclas Poitiers

2024: Using the financial system to enforce export controls

Benjamin Hilgenstock, Elina Ribakova, Guntram Wolff and Anna Vlasyuk

2024: Economic arguments in favour of reducing copyright protection for generative AI inputs and outputs

Bertin Martens

2024: The rocky road to EU accession for Western Balkan countries- obstacles and lessons from the Eastern Partnership

Armin Steinbach

2024: Incorporating the impact of social investments and reforms in the European Union’s new fiscal framework

Zsolt Darvas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2024: Exposure to generative artificial intelligence in the European labour market

Laura Nurski and Nina Ruer

2024: Global supply chains- lessons from a decade of disruption

Luca Léry Moffat and Niclas Poitiers

2024: Knowledge spillovers and geopolitical challenges in global supply chains

Niclas Poitiers and Kamil Sekut

2024: Entry and competition in mobile app stores

Fiona M. Scott Morton

2024: The chicken-and-egg problem in the European Union Digital Markets Act

Fiona M. Scott Morton

2024: Making industrial policy work- a case study on the European Battery Alliance Academy

Conor McCaffrey and Niclas Poitiers

2023: Are new EU data market regulations coherent and efficient?

Bertin Martens

2023: Skills or a degree? The rise of skills-based hiring for AI and green jobs

Fabian Stephany and Eugenia Gonzalez Ehlinger

2023: The competitive relationship between cloud computing and generative AI

Christophe Carugati

2023: Recessions, the energy mix and environmental policy

Pragyan Deb, Davide Furceri, Jonathan Ostry and Nour Tawk

2023: To what extent can urbanisation mitigate the negative impact of population ageing in China?

Alicia García-Herrero and Jianwei Xu

2023: A quantitative evaluation of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

Zsolt Darvas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2023: European Union debt financing- leeway and barriers from a legal perspective

Sebastian Grund and Armin Steinbach

2023: Competition in generative artificial intelligence foundation models

Christophe Carugati

2023: Globalisation and automation as sources of labour-market competition, and support for European Union unemployment insurance

Brian Burgoon, Gregorio Buzzelli, Francesco Nicoli and Stefano Sacchi

2023: The Ukrainian war economy

Dmytro Boyarchuk and Marek Dabrowski

2023: Section 232 reloaded- the false promise of the transatlantic ‘climate club’ for steel and aluminium

David Kleimann

2023: What should be done about Google’s quasi-monopoly in search? Mandatory data sharing versus AI-driven technological competition

Bertin Martens

2023: What would Europeans want a European defence union to look like?

Francesco Nicoli, Brian Burgoon and David Van der Duin

2023: China’s quest for innovation- progress and bottlenecks

Alicia García-Herrero and Robin Schindowski

2023: Antitrust issues raised by answer engines

Christophe Carugati

2023: A new measure of aggregate trade restrictions- cyclical drivers and macro effects

Julia Estefania-Flores, Davide Furceri, Swarnali A. Hannan, Jonathan Ostry and Andrew Rose

2023: Employer perspectives on employee work location- collaboration, culture and control

Diane Mulcahy and Tatiana Andreeva

2023: Global trends in countries' perceptions of the Belt and Road Initiative

Alicia García-Herrero and Robin Schindowski

2023: Artificial intelligence adoption in the public sector- a case study

Laura Nurski

2023: The hidden inequalities of digitalisation in the post-pandemic context

Cristiano Codagnone and Maria Savona

2023: Pro- and anti-competitive provisions in the proposed European Union Data Act

Bertin Martens